Chilean flamingo
| Chilean flamingo | |
|---|---|
| |
| Chilean flamingo with egg at the Tiergarten in Bernburg, Germany | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Phoenicopteriformes |
| Family: | Phoenicopteridae |
| Genus: | Phoenicopterus |
| Species: | P. chilensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1782
| |
| |
| Synonyms[3] | |
| |
The Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) is a species of large flamingo at a height of 110–130 cm (43–51 in) closely related to the American flamingo and the greater flamingo, with which it was sometimes considered conspecific.[4] The species is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List.
The species breeds in South America from Ecuador and Peru to Chile and Argentina and east to Brazil; it has been introduced into Germany. Like all flamingos, it lays a single chalky-white egg on a mud mound.
These flamingos are mainly restricted to salt lagoons and soda lakes but these areas are vulnerable to habitat loss and water pollution.
Description
[edit]
_(2).jpg)
The Chilean flamingo's plumage is pinker than the slightly larger greater flamingo, but less so than the American flamingo. It can be differentiated from these species by its grayish legs with pink joints (tibiotarsal articulation), by the larger amount of black on the bill (more than half), and also by being a foot shorter than the American flamingo. Young chicks may have no sign of pink coloring whatsoever, but instead remain gray or peach.[5] Young chicks will slowly gain their pink color as pigments called carotenoids from their diet accumulate in their feathers. Chilean flamingos reach sexual maturity at 6 years and have one of the longest lifespans of any bird, living up to 50 years in the wild and up to 40 years in captivity.[6]
Diet
[edit]The Chilean flamingo's bill is equipped with comb-like structures that enable it to filter food—mainly algae, plankton, crustaceans, insects, mollusks and other invertebrates—from the water of the coastal mudflats, estuaries, lagoons, and salt lakes where it lives.[7] The species filter feeds by using its 19 cervical vertebrae to position its head upside down in shallow water. The flamingo then uses its muscular tongues to push water in and out of the lamellae on its bill. This allows the flamingo to filter different sizes of food to consume. Because the species feeds upside down, only the flamingo's upper bill can move as opposed to most animals that can only move their lower mandible. Chilean Flamingoes can consume 10% of their body weight every day.[6] The species has been known to stand on one leg while feeding in water. Strong evidence suggests this behavior limits heat loss from standing in water for extended periods of time. [6]
Behavior
[edit]Chilean flamingos are very social birds who frequently communicate and live together in flocks that can reach tens of thousands of individuals. The flamingos communicate through vocalizations and body movements. Vocalizations are used for mid-flight communication and include honking, grunting, or howling goose-like calls. Each flamingo has a unique call and a flamingo can recognize the call of its offspring among thousands of other flamingos. Chilean flamingos can also communicate using preening behaviors. Each flamingo spends between 3.5 and 7 hours a day preening their feathers to keep them waterproof and capable of flight.[6]
Breeding
[edit]Chilean flamingos live in large flocks in the wild and require crowded conditions to stimulate breeding. During breeding season, males and females display a variety of behaviors to attract mates, including head flagging—swiveling their heads from side-to-side in tandem—and wing salutes, where the wings are repeatedly opened and closed. Flamingos in general have a poor record of successful breeding because they will delay reproduction until the environmental conditions are favorable for breeding.[8]
Males and females co-operate in building a pillar-shaped mud nest, and both incubate the egg laid by the female, taking turns to sit on the egg.[8] Upon hatching, the chicks have gray plumage; they do not gain the typical pink adult coloration for 2–3 years. Both male and female flamingos can produce a nutritious fluid from glands in their crop to feed their young. Due to their diet, this crop milk is crimson in color.[7]
Conservation
[edit]The greatest factor threatening Chilean flamingo populations is habitat disturbance. Mining and irrigation greatly affect Chilean flamingo habitat. Egg collectors and hunters also threaten Chilean flamingo populations. Chilean flamingo populations are significantly affected by any human disturbance due to their low birth rate.[6]
In captivity
[edit]The first flamingo hatched in a European zoo was a Chilean flamingo at Zoo Basel (Switzerland) in 1958.[9]
In 1988, a Chilean flamingo that lived in the Tracy Aviary in Salt Lake City, Utah, had mistakenly not received his routine wing clipping. The flamingo escaped,[10] and became a local legend in the greater Salt Lake area known as Pink Floyd the Flamingo. Pink Floyd came to Utah in the winters to eat the brine shrimp that live in the Great Salt Lake, and flew north to Idaho and Montana in the spring and summer. Pink Floyd became a popular tourist attraction and local icon until his disappearance and presumed death[11] after he flew north to Idaho in the spring of 2005 and was never seen again.
Since there is such a decline in the numbers of this species, breeding programs have been implemented in zoos to offset the decline of the wild stock numbers.[8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Phoenicopterus chilensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697365A132068236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697365A132068236.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "04 → Cᴏʟᴜᴍʙᴇᴀ : Pʜᴏᴇɴɪᴄᴏᴘᴛᴇʀɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Pᴏᴅɪᴄɪᴘᴇᴅɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Mᴇsɪᴛᴏʀɴɪᴛʜɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Pᴛᴇʀᴏᴄʟɪᴅɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs, Cᴏʟᴜᴍʙɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs". English Names of Birds. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ Knox, A.G.; Collinson, M.; Helbig, A.G.; Parkin, D.P.; Sangster, G. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for British birds". Ibis. 144: 707–710. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919x.2002.00110.x.
- ^ "Photo". Zoo View. XXXVII (4). Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens: 1, back cover. 2004.
- ^ a b c d e Grinfeld, Sonja. "Phoenicopterus chilensis (Chilean flamingo)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2025-04-08.
- ^ a b ""Chilean Flamingo Fact Sheet, Lincoln Park Zoo"". Archived from the original on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
- ^ a b c Farrell, Barry. "Breeding behavior in a flock of Chilean flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis) at Dublin zoo". Zoo Biology.
- ^ "Zoo celebrates 50 years of flamingo breeding and science". Basler Zeitung. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
- ^ "Pink Floyd - Utah's Chilean Flaningo". www.utahbirds.org.
- ^ "Feeling Blue About Pink Floyd". Deseret News. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
External links
[edit]- Flamingo Resource Centre - a collection of resources and information related to flamingos
- Explore Species: Chilean Flamingo at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)